If you are facing domestic violence charges in Flora, Mississippi, understanding your options and the local legal process is essential. Housley Law represents individuals in Madison County who need clear, calm guidance through criminal defense matters related to domestic incidents. This page explains common charges, potential court procedures in Flora, and the types of legal responses available. Our focus is on protecting your rights at every step, communicating clearly about possible outcomes, and helping you make informed decisions. Reach out early to ensure timely action and to preserve important evidence and legal protections.
Being charged with a domestic violence offense in Flora can affect employment, housing, and family relationships, and the earlier you act the better you can manage those consequences. The local courts in Madison County follow a set of procedures that may include arrest, bond hearings, investigations, and possible restrictions like protective orders. Housley Law aims to explain how these pieces fit together, what you should expect from each stage, and how to prepare. We emphasize clear communication, practical next steps, and a plan tailored to your situation in Flora so you can focus on resolving the matter responsibly.
A thoughtful legal defense in Flora provides more than courtroom representation; it helps safeguard your liberty, reputation, and family stability. Local knowledge of Madison County courts, prosecutors, and law enforcement practices can influence investigation strategies, negotiation possibilities, and court presentation. Effective representation addresses evidence, witnesses, and procedural opportunities that can reduce charges, avoid unnecessary restrictions, or shape plea discussions. The benefits include better-informed decisions, protection of legal rights, and an organized approach to case management that minimizes surprise and stress while pursuing the most favorable outcome available under Mississippi law.
Housley Law is a Mississippi criminal defense and DUI law firm serving Flora and the surrounding portions of Madison County. Our attorneys provide direct, hands-on representation for clients charged with domestic violence offenses, focusing on thorough investigation, clear communication, and strategic negotiation. We work to understand the details of each case, gather mitigating information, and engage with local court personnel to advance our clients interests. Contacting the firm promptly helps preserve evidence, prepare defenses, and address protective orders and related matters that commonly arise in domestic incidents within the local court system.
Domestic violence charges in Flora can stem from various allegations such as assault, aggravated assault, or violations related to protective orders. The charge itself may depend on reported injuries, statements to law enforcement, and any history between the parties. Mississippi law provides classifications and potential penalties that vary by the severity of the alleged conduct and whether prior convictions exist. Knowing how charges are categorized, and the procedural steps that follow an arrest or citation in Madison County, helps those accused build a defensive strategy tailored to the facts at hand and the realities of the local courts.
The legal process in domestic violence matters typically involves police reports, possible arrest, initial court appearances, and hearings related to bail and protective orders. Evidence collection and witness interviews are often crucial, as are medical records and any communications between parties. In Flora, proactive defense work includes reviewing police statements, identifying inconsistencies, and preparing legal arguments to challenge elements of the prosecution’s case. Clients also need information about how a conviction or restraining order could affect custody, employment, and housing, and receive guidance aimed at protecting their rights and interests under Mississippi law.
Under Mississippi law, domestic violence generally refers to acts of violence, threats, or abuse committed by a person against a household or family member. This can include physical assault, menacing behavior, stalking, or violations of court-ordered protection. The specifics of each charge are shaped by the alleged conduct, the relationship between the parties, and any prior incidents. Understanding how prosecutors interpret these criteria and how local law enforcement documents incidents in Flora helps individuals and their attorneys frame defenses, gather exculpatory information, and anticipate the types of evidence that will be contested in court.
A domestic violence defense typically addresses elements like intent, the accuracy of witness accounts, the timing and location of events, and the presence of physical evidence. Defense strategy also considers possible self-defense claims, mistaken identity, or provocation. The process includes obtaining police reports, interviewing witnesses, collecting medical documentation, and preparing for hearings on protective orders and bond. In Flora, timely investigation can reveal important facts such as prior communications or surveillance that affect the case. The aim is to present a clear factual narrative and legal argument that challenges the prosecution’s version of events.
Navigating a domestic violence case involves terms and procedures that may be unfamiliar. Common concepts include alleged assault, protective orders, bond hearings, arraignment, plea negotiations, and potential sentencing outcomes. Understanding these terms helps clients follow case timelines and make informed choices about defense strategies. In Flora and the wider Madison County area, being familiar with local court procedures and the roles of prosecutors, judges, and probation officers can reduce uncertainty and support better collaboration between clients and counsel throughout the case process.
A protective order is a court-issued directive that limits contact between individuals, often used to provide immediate safety after alleged domestic incidents. In Mississippi, a protective order can require the respondent to stay away from the alleged victim, refrain from communication, and avoid specific locations. Violating such an order can lead to additional criminal charges. For those accused in Flora, responding to a protective order typically involves hearings where both sides can present evidence and testimony. Understanding the scope and implications of an order is important for complying with the law and defending against related charges.
Bond and pretrial release determine whether an individual accused of a domestic offense remains free pending court proceedings and under what conditions. The court may set conditions such as no contact with the alleged victim, surrendering firearms, or electronic monitoring. In Flora, bond hearings are often held soon after arrest to address public safety concerns and ensure the accused appears for future court dates. Preparing for these hearings involves presenting information that can support reasonable release conditions while protecting the community and complying with judicial expectations.
Arraignment is the initial court appearance where charges are formally read and the accused may enter a plea. Options typically include not guilty, guilty, or no contest, and decisions at this stage influence the case trajectory. In many domestic violence matters in Flora, plea discussions occur after evidence review and negotiation with prosecutors, potentially resolving the case without trial. However, plea choices should be made with full awareness of their legal and collateral consequences, including potential impacts on custody, employment, and future background checks.
Mitigation involves presenting factors that may influence sentencing, such as lack of prior record, rehabilitation efforts, or circumstances surrounding the incident. Sentencing in Mississippi can vary widely depending on the charge and whether the court imposes fines, probation, counseling, or incarceration. In Flora, gathering supportive documentation and reliable character references, and proposing constructive alternatives like counseling or community service, can affect the court’s assessment. Mitigation does not guarantee a particular outcome but can shape the judge’s decisions when imposed sanctions are considered.
When evaluating legal approaches to a domestic violence case in Flora, clients often choose between targeted limited interventions and more comprehensive defense strategies. A limited approach might focus narrowly on an immediate court appearance or bond hearing, addressing short term needs. A comprehensive approach looks at the entire case lifecycle, including investigation, protective order hearings, plea negotiations, and mitigation for sentencing. The best choice depends on the case facts, the strength of evidence, and the client priorities, such as minimizing restrictions, preserving employment, or protecting family relationships across Madison County court proceedings.
A limited defense approach can be appropriate when charges are minor, the evidence is weak, and the client seeks a prompt resolution to avoid prolonged court involvement. In Flora, a quick review of police reports and immediate contact with prosecutors may lead to reduced charges or dismissal in suitable cases. This path often prioritizes efficient communication and narrowly targeted filings while monitoring compliance with any temporary conditions like protective orders. Choosing this route is typically reserved for cases where deeper investigation or broader strategic planning is unlikely to materially change the outcome.
A focused approach may also serve when administrative remedies can resolve key issues, such as correcting misunderstandings on police reports or arranging short term measures that satisfy the court. For example, clarifying facts quickly after a minor incident, providing documentation that rebuts an allegation, or negotiating temporary agreements may prevent escalation. In Flora and Madison County, timely and precise action can limit collateral consequences, reduce the likelihood of continued restrictions, and avoid prolonged legal costs when the circumstances suggest a short term remedy will address the immediate concerns effectively.
Comprehensive defense is generally necessary when cases involve multiple incidents, significant evidence, contested witness statements, or overlapping civil matters like custody disputes. In Flora, complex factual patterns and ongoing allegations require thorough investigative work, gathering of exculpatory evidence, and strategic planning for hearings and negotiations. A full service approach helps ensure all legal avenues are explored, including motions to exclude improper evidence, preparing witnesses, and coordinating mitigation efforts for sentencing. This broader effort can change how a case is resolved and reduce long term consequences.
When domestic allegations risk affecting custody, employment, or future background checks, a comprehensive legal response is advised. Addressing only immediate court dates may leave collateral issues unprotected and allow harmful records to persist. In Flora, a sustained approach includes evaluating long term impacts, planning for records management when possible, and pursuing favorable resolutions that limit the lasting consequences of an allegation. This often involves coordination with family law considerations and proactive steps to present a complete picture of the circumstances to judges and prosecutors.
A comprehensive defense in Flora offers several key benefits: thorough evidence review, coordinated mitigation, and prepared courtroom presentation. This approach helps identify weaknesses in the prosecution’s case, uncovers favorable testimony, and ensures all procedural protections are used effectively. It also allows for tailored negotiations that consider long term consequences such as custody or employment impacts. By addressing the matter from multiple angles, a full strategy increases the chances of achieving reduced charges, dismissals, or favorable dispositions that better protect the client’s future and interests across Madison County.
Comprehensive representation also provides continuity and clarity throughout the legal process, which reduces stress and confusion for clients. Regular communication keeps clients informed about deadlines, hearing dates, and required documentation. Preparing witnesses, assembling medical and communication records, and drafting persuasive legal filings can influence the court’s view and negotiation leverage with prosecutors. For those in Flora facing domestic allegations, a sustained defense effort helps preserve rights, manage consequences, and work toward the most favorable outcome consistent with the facts and applicable law.
A full case strategy allows for in depth investigation that can reveal inconsistencies, alternative witnesses, or exculpatory evidence that might be missed with a limited approach. In Flora, taking time to collect police records, digital communications, and medical documentation strengthens the defense narrative. This preparation enables more effective cross examination, persuasive motions, and well supported negotiations. When a case is developed comprehensively, it is possible to foresee prosecution tactics and respond proactively, which can lead to better resolutions and reduce the risk of unfavorable long term impacts on employment or family standing.
Taking a broad approach to defense helps protect future opportunities by addressing collateral consequences proactively, including potential effects on custody, housing, and professional reputation. In Flora, judges and prosecutors may be more receptive to mitigation when a complete context is presented, including steps taken to address underlying issues. Working to resolve related civil matters and proposing constructive alternatives can result in resolutions that minimize lasting damage. Comprehensive representation aims to preserve as much of a client’s personal and professional life as possible while navigating the criminal process.
After an alleged domestic incident in Flora, acting promptly can make a significant difference. Preserve texts, emails, and social media messages that relate to the incident and avoid deleting communications that could later be important. Write down your recollection of events while they remain fresh, including times, places, and potential witnesses. If medical attention was sought, obtain copies of records. Early preservation of evidence supports a more complete investigation and helps your legal team evaluate options for immediate filings or defenses in Madison County court proceedings.
Being open and thorough with your legal representative allows for better planning and more effective defense strategies. Share all relevant facts, even those that may feel unfavorable, and disclose any prior incidents or interactions that could affect the case. Full disclosure helps the attorney prepare for cross examination, gather needed documentation, and pursue mitigating options. In Flora, honest communication enables counsel to act quickly at bond hearings, to challenge evidence when appropriate, and to present a realistic plan for resolving the case while protecting your rights and interests.
Facing domestic allegations in Flora requires more than general legal knowledge; it calls for familiarity with local court culture, prosecutors, and the specific procedures in Madison County. Local representation can streamline communications with court staff, anticipate scheduling practices, and prepare hearings with an understanding of how judges typically address these matters. Choosing representation focused on the area helps ensure your defense accounts for local procedural nuances and the particular enforcement tendencies that can affect outcomes, which supports a more informed and effective case plan.
Additionally, local counsel can respond quickly to urgent developments such as bond hearings, emergency protective order proceedings, or the need to secure evidence before it is lost. In Flora, timely action is often critical to preserving important information and arranging appropriate defenses. Working with a team familiar with Madison County calendars and law enforcement practices helps maintain momentum in your case, keeps you informed of obligations, and provides clear guidance on what to expect at each step of the legal process so you can make sound decisions.
People seek domestic defense after a range of incidents including heated disputes that escalate, allegations following separations, or when a protective order is filed. Other circumstances include misunderstandings that result in police involvement, accusations that arise from mutual altercations, and situations where evidence is mixed or contradictory. In Flora, responses from neighbors, bystanders, or law enforcement reports can quickly convert a private conflict into a criminal matter, making legal support essential to address charges, clarify facts, and protect parental and employment interests affected by the allegation.
Domestic allegations frequently occur in the context of relationship breakups or custody disagreements. Emotions and tensions can lead to incidents that prompt police response and formal charges. In Flora, these matters are often intertwined with family court concerns, so both criminal and family law implications should be considered. Addressing the criminal charge with an eye toward preserving parental rights and minimizing collateral damage helps clients pursue resolutions that protect their relationships with children and their ability to meet work and housing obligations while the case proceeds.
Incidents where both parties report altercations can lead to competing narratives and multiple charges. Police reports may record different versions of events, making witness interviews and evidence collection vital. In Flora, careful review of reports, communications, and any photographic or medical evidence can reveal inconsistencies that affect the prosecution’s case. A measured investigative response helps determine which aspects of the story are most important to contest and supports efforts to present a clearer, more accurate account in court proceedings.
Sometimes accusations arise from misunderstandings, miscommunications, or intentional misstatements, and may lack corroborating evidence. When allegations are unclear or unsupported, it is important to document alibis, gather witness statements, and preserve digital evidence that can clarify what occurred. In Flora, demonstrating inconsistencies or a lack of proof can lead to case dismissal or reduced charges. Taking prompt action to collect and present this information is key to protecting personal and professional reputations and resolving the matter efficiently.
Housley Law focuses on criminal defense and DUI matters across Mississippi, including Madison County and Flora. Our approach emphasizes timely action, clear communication, and tailored strategies that respond to the specifics of each case. We work to identify weaknesses in the prosecution’s allegations, gather necessary evidence, and pursue constructive resolutions that consider both legal and personal consequences. Clients benefit from a structured plan that addresses immediate court needs and longer term implications in a way that aligns with their goals and values.
Local knowledge of Flora court procedures and familiarity with Madison County calendars allow the firm to act decisively on urgent matters such as bond hearings and emergency protective orders. We prioritize client communication so you understand your options, deadlines, and likely outcomes. This approach helps reduce uncertainty and supports informed decision making throughout the legal process. Our goal is to navigate the system effectively while protecting your rights and working toward the most favorable resolution available under the circumstances.
We also emphasize practical steps that clients can take to protect themselves, including preserving evidence, complying with court orders, and coordinating any necessary documentation for mitigation. The firm assists with negotiations and prepares persuasive arguments for hearings, always keeping in mind the personal stakes that accompany domestic allegations. For residents of Flora, having representation that understands local dynamics and responds quickly to developments can make a meaningful difference in how a case unfolds and is ultimately resolved.
Our process begins with an immediate case assessment focused on preserving evidence, reviewing police reports, and understanding any emergency orders in place. We prioritize early appearances and bond hearings when necessary, then move to a fuller investigation that includes witness interviews, records collection, and communication with prosecutors. Strategy sessions outline potential defenses, plea considerations, and mitigation planning. Throughout the case we keep clients updated about court dates and options, working to secure the most favorable resolution possible while protecting their legal rights and future prospects in Madison County.
The first stage focuses on stabilizing the situation by preserving all potential evidence, securing relevant records, and responding to urgent court orders or bond requirements. This includes obtaining copies of police reports, medical records, and any communications related to the incident. Early contact with the prosecution or court can sometimes influence pretrial conditions and prevent unnecessary escalation. For clients in Flora, responding quickly helps maintain opportunities to challenge certain allegations and supports a measured defense plan as the case moves forward through Madison County courts.
A detailed review of law enforcement reports and related records often reveals inconsistencies or missing details that are important for defense planning. This review looks for discrepancies in witness statements, timing, and descriptions of events. In Flora, timely access to these documents allows counsel to identify investigative leads, locate additional witnesses, and begin building a factual narrative that supports the client. Understanding how incidents were documented also informs strategic decisions about motions and negotiation positions.
Collecting photographs, medical documentation, text messages, emails, and social media content is critical to forming a complete picture of the incident. In many cases in Flora, digital evidence can confirm timelines or contradict claims made in police reports. Preserving this material quickly prevents it from being altered or lost and enables a thorough analysis of what actually occurred. Secure handling and organization of evidence support filing effective motions and preparing for hearings where credibility and facts will be contested.
Following initial preservation, the next phase involves deeper investigation and filing appropriate legal motions to protect the client’s rights. This can include requests for discovery, motions to suppress improperly obtained evidence, and filings related to protective orders. In Flora, careful preparation before hearings and negotiation sessions helps shape the prosecution’s view of the case and ensures that only properly gathered evidence is considered. Rigorous investigation also provides the foundation for effective negotiation and informed decisions about trial risk versus plea outcomes.
Obtaining discovery from the prosecution and interviewing witnesses are central to testing allegations and identifying supportive testimony. Interviews can clarify timelines, reveal corroborating information, and expose contradictions in the opposing account. In the Flora area, local witness availability and prompt investigation are critical to preserving testimony before memories fade. Thorough witness preparation and documentation of statements strengthen the defense and provide leverage in negotiations or at trial.
Pretrial motions address issues such as admissibility of evidence, violations of procedure, or requests to limit certain testimony. Strategic motions can exclude unreliable or improperly obtained material and frame the legal landscape for trial or plea talks. In Flora, presenting compelling legal arguments at pretrial hearings can shift the dynamics of a case and sometimes lead to favorable dispositions without the need for a full trial. Preparing thoroughly for these hearings requires attention to both factual details and legal standards.
The final stage focuses on resolving the case through dismissal, negotiated plea, or trial, and addressing any post-disposition matters like record sealing or compliance with court conditions. If a resolution involves probation or counseling, we help clients understand obligations and document completion. In Flora, attention to post-case steps can mitigate long term impacts and support restoring stability in work and family life. Ensuring compliance and pursuing possible relief where available helps protect future opportunities after the immediate legal process concludes.
Negotiated resolutions aim to limit penalties and avoid the uncertainties of trial. Advocacy at sentencing presents mitigation evidence and alternative proposals to incarceration, such as treatment programs or community service. In Flora, presenting thorough mitigation and constructive alternatives can influence a judge’s sentence and reduce lasting consequences. Preparing a persuasive case for leniency involves compiling records, statements, and plans for rehabilitation that demonstrate the defendant’s commitment to positive change and to complying with court directives.
After a case resolves, clients often need guidance on record sealing, expungement eligibility, or satisfying conditions tied to employment and custody. Understanding available post-disposition remedies in Mississippi helps individuals take steps to limit the long term visibility of an arrest or conviction. In Flora, assisting with compliance documentation, court filings for relief, and coordination with other legal matters supports clients as they move forward and work to minimize ongoing negative effects on personal and professional life.
Immediately after an arrest in Flora, it is important to remain calm and avoid discussing the facts of the case with anyone other than your lawyer. Exercise your right to remain silent until you have legal counsel present and avoid posting about the incident on social media. Promptly gather any evidence you control, such as messages or photographs, and seek to obtain copies of the police report. Contacting an attorney early allows for timely preservation of evidence and helps coordinate necessary steps for bond hearings and protective order responses. Acting quickly can preserve witness recollections and digital records that may be relevant. Your lawyer can advise you on court schedules, potential release conditions, and how to communicate with prosecutors when appropriate. Early legal involvement increases the chances of limiting restrictions and building an effective defense strategy tailored to the local procedures in Madison County.
Yes, a court can issue a protective order based on a petition from an alleged victim, sometimes without the respondent present for an initial temporary order. Such orders can restrict contact and require compliance with other conditions pending a full hearing. If an order is issued in Flora, obey its terms precisely because violations can result in additional criminal charges and complicate your defense. The order is a separate civil measure but often affects how criminal proceedings unfold, including bond conditions and bail requirements. You have the right to contest a protective order at a hearing where evidence and testimony are evaluated. Preparing for that hearing involves gathering witnesses, relevant communications, and any documentation that offers context to the alleged events. Legal counsel can ensure you understand the scope of the order, help you seek modification or dismissal when appropriate, and advise on lawful methods to communicate while the order is in effect.
A domestic violence charge can significantly influence family court determinations regarding custody and visitation, as judges consider child safety and parental conduct. Even pending allegations can affect custody hearings, temporary parenting plans, or supervised visitation requirements. In Flora, coordinating criminal defense with family law counsel is often important to address both immediate criminal concerns and related custody matters. Presenting a clear factual record and evidence of responsible behavior can reduce the negative impact on parenting rights. If criminal matters remain unresolved, family courts may impose precautionary measures. It is important to be proactive about documenting parenting strengths, attendance at recommended programs, and steps taken to address any underlying issues. Working with counsel in both criminal and family court contexts helps protect parental relationships while navigating overlapping legal processes.
Key evidence for a domestic defense includes police reports, medical records that document injuries or lack thereof, photographs, witness statements, and digital communications such as texts or social media messages. Video or audio recordings can be particularly persuasive if they clarify the sequence of events. In Flora, gathering and preserving this material quickly supports a full review of the prosecution’s claims and may reveal inconsistencies or alternative explanations. Documentation related to prior interactions, such as records of previous calls to law enforcement or evidence of ongoing disputes, can also inform strategy. Organizing evidence, securing backups, and making timely disclosures to counsel allow your defense team to assess strengths and prepare motions that challenge unreliable or improperly obtained material.
Whether to go to trial or accept a plea depends on the strength of the evidence, potential penalties, collateral consequences, and your personal priorities. A plea may offer a predictable outcome and possibly reduced charges, while a trial provides a chance to contest the prosecution’s case. In Flora, careful analysis of discovery, witness credibility, and local courtroom dynamics helps inform that decision. Discuss the likely outcomes and long term impacts with counsel before choosing a path forward. If a plea is considered, understand all immediate and collateral consequences such as effects on custody, employment, or professional licenses. If the evidence is weak or there are strong defenses available, pursuing trial may be preferable. Your legal team should present realistic options, negotiate when appropriate, and support the choice that best aligns with your goals and legal interests.
Timelines in Madison County can vary widely depending on caseload, the need for investigations, and whether the case resolves via plea or proceeds to trial. Some matters move quickly through initial appearances and bond hearings, while others may require weeks or months of discovery and pretrial motions. Local court scheduling, the availability of witnesses, and the complexity of evidence all affect how long a case remains active. Staying informed about court dates and requirements helps avoid unnecessary delays and missed opportunities. Clients should plan for potential short and long term involvement in the legal process and maintain communication with counsel. Prompt action on discovery requests and witness preparation can streamline the process. While timelines are never guaranteed, proactive engagement with the case and adherence to procedural deadlines facilitate a smoother progression through the local system.
An arrest for domestic violence will typically appear on background checks that include criminal history, especially if it results in charges or court filings. The visibility depends on the level of public records and whether the case proceeds to conviction. In some circumstances, if charges are dismissed or eligible for expungement under Mississippi law, steps may be taken to reduce long term visibility, but such options are limited and time dependent. Understanding these factors is important for managing employment and housing concerns. Discussing record relief and post disposition options with counsel can clarify what is possible in your situation. Taking appropriate steps after a case resolves, such as fulfilling court obligations and exploring eligible relief, can help mitigate the long term impact of an arrest on background checks and future opportunities.
A dismissal may occur even if the alleged victim no longer wishes to pursue the case, but prosecutors can decide to proceed based on available evidence and public interest considerations. While a victim’s request to drop charges is a meaningful factor, it does not guarantee dismissal. In Flora, prosecutors may evaluate the credibility of the initial report and any corroborating evidence before making charging decisions. Your legal team can present documentation or evidence that supports dismissal where appropriate. If the alleged victim is reluctant to cooperate, alternative evidence or witness testimony may still determine the case outcome. Defense efforts may focus on demonstrating lack of proof or procedural problems in the investigation. Legal counsel can help facilitate communication that respects the wishes of involved parties while pursuing the best possible resolution under the law.
To avoid violating a protective order, adhere strictly to its terms by ceasing direct contact and staying away from locations specified in the order. Use attorney facilitated communication if necessary for matters such as custody exchanges, and document any permitted interactions carefully. Violations can lead to new criminal charges and complicate defense efforts in Flora, so it is essential to understand the order fully and seek legal modification through the court if circumstances require changes. If accidental contact occurs, document the incident and report it to your attorney immediately. Seeking permission via the court for necessary communications and following formal channels reduces the risk of inadvertent violations. Legal counsel can help request modifications or clarifications to the order when appropriate to protect your legal interests while complying with the court’s directives.
Preparing for a bond hearing in Flora involves assembling information that demonstrates ties to the community, stable employment or family responsibilities, and a willingness to comply with conditions set by the court. Providing documentation such as proof of residence, employment letters, and character references can support requests for reasonable release terms. It is also important to understand any conditions the court may impose, such as no contact or supervised travel, and to propose realistic measures that protect the alleged victim while allowing for fair release conditions. Having legal representation at a bond hearing helps present a clear and organized case for release, outlines proposed safeguards, and responds to prosecutor concerns. Prompt action to prepare evidence and present a plan for compliance strengthens the prospect of release under conditions that are manageable and that support ongoing defense efforts in the case.
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